Infertility has been a concern to millions of couples all over the world as it has affected their livelihood. Here, male factors have contributed to about 40-50% of infertility cases. Though the contribution is huge, male infertility still remains stigmatized and misunderstood. Understanding the common causes of male infertility is crucial for early diagnosis, treatment, and overcoming barriers to fatherhood. Here are 10 common male infertility issues explained.
The most frequent cause of male infertility is low sperm count or production, as in tetes fails to produce enough sperm required for the fertilization process. This can be caused by hormonal imbalances, genetic conditions, or damage to the testes from infections, trauma, or medical treatments like chemotherapy.
Varicocele is an enlargement of the veins within the scrotum, similar to varicose veins. This is considered to be the most common and viable cause of male infertility as it affects the quality and quantity of sperm with an increase in testicular temperature and disrupting blood flow.
Blockages can prevent sperm from being ejaculated properly. These obstructions may occur in the tubes that carry sperm, such as the vas deferens or ejaculatory ducts, often caused by infections, injuries, or congenital defects.
Hormones like testosterone, produced by the testicles and regulated by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, are essential for sperm production. Disorders affecting these hormones, due to tumors, pituitary diseases, or other endocrine problems—can impair fertility.
Conditions such as retrograde ejaculation, where semen enters the bladder instead of exiting through the penis, can cause infertility. This may result from diabetes, spinal injuries, medications, or surgeries involving the bladder or prostate.
Certain inherited disorders, such as Klinefelter syndrome (where a male has an extra X chromosome), can affect testicular development and sperm production. Other genetic conditions, like cystic fibrosis, can cause blockages in the sperm transport system.
Infections of the reproductive tract, including sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea or HIV, can damage sperm or cause scarring that blocks sperm passage. Inflammation of the epididymis or testicles can also reduce fertility.
Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, drug use (including anabolic steroids), obesity, and exposure to environmental toxins such as pesticides, heavy metals, and radiation can all negatively impact sperm count and quality.
While male fertility declines more gradually than female fertility, advancing age can reduce sperm quality and hormone levels, leading to decreased fertility and increased risk of genetic abnormalities in sperm.
Certain medical treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgeries involving the testes, prostate, or abdomen, can impair sperm production or cause blockages. Prior vasectomy or trauma to the reproductive organs can also lead to infertility.
Male infertility is a complex condition with many potential causes. Diagnosis typically involves a semen analysis to assess sperm count, motility, and morphology, along with hormonal evaluations and imaging studies if needed. Treatments vary from lifestyle modifications and medications to surgical interventions and assisted reproductive technologies like IVF.
Raising awareness and reducing stigma around male infertility are essential, especially in societies where cultural norms may discourage men from seeking help. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many men can overcome infertility and achieve fatherhood.
Understanding these common causes can empower men and couples to seek timely medical advice and explore effective treatment options. If you are facing challenges with fertility, consulting a fertility specialist is the first step toward finding the right solution for your situation.