PCOS vs. PCOD: Are They the Same Condition?

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Polycystic Ovary Disease (PCOD) are two terms often used interchangeably, leading to widespread confusion. Despite their different terminologies, these terms refer to the same condition—a hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. PCOD is considered an older term, while PCOS is the more accurate and currently preferred terminology. Let’s delve deeper into what PCOS entails and clarify why the two terms should no longer be treated as separate entities.

Understanding PCOS/PCOD

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), formerly referred to as Polycystic Ovary Disease (PCOD), is a complex endocrine disorder characterized by:

• Hormonal Imbalances: Increased levels of androgens (male hormones) and insulin resistance.
• Irregular Ovulation: Either infrequent or absent ovulation, leading to irregular menstrual cycles.
• Ovarian Cysts: Presence of multiple small follicles (commonly misinterpreted as cysts) in the ovaries visible on ultrasound.

The transition from the term “PCOD” to “PCOS” reflects a shift in understanding. PCOS is now recognized as a systemic condition involving multiple organ systems, rather than just a localized disease of the ovaries.

Why the Terminology Matters

The term “disease” (PCOD) implied a condition limited to the ovaries, while “syndrome” (PCOS) highlights the broader spectrum of symptoms and systemic effects, such as metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risks. Using the term PCOS acknowledges the complexity of the condition, ensuring that diagnosis and treatment address all aspects of a woman’s health, not just her reproductive system.

Key Features of PCOS

Reproductive Symptoms

• Irregular menstrual cycles.
• Difficulty conceiving due to disrupted ovulation.
• Increased risk of miscarriage.

Hormonal Symptoms

• Excessive androgen levels causing acne, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), and scalp hair thinning.

Metabolic Symptoms

• Insulin resistance, increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
• Obesity, particularly central weight gain.
• Increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Psychological Impact

• Higher prevalence of anxiety, depression, and body image issues.

Diagnosis of PCOS

PCOS is typically diagnosed using the Rotterdam Criteria, which require two of the following three features:

• Irregular or absent ovulation.
• Elevated androgen levels (clinical or biochemical).
• Polycystic ovaries visible on ultrasound (≥12 follicles per ovary or increased ovarian volume).

Other conditions mimicking PCOS symptoms, such as thyroid disorders, hyperprolactinemia, or adrenal hyperplasia, must first be ruled out.

Management of PCOS

Management focuses on addressing symptoms and minimizing long-term health risks.

Lifestyle Modifications

• Dietary Changes: A low-glycemic index (GI) diet can improve insulin sensitivity and aid in weight management.
• Exercise: Regular physical activity helps regulate menstrual cycles and improves metabolic health.

Medications

• Hormonal Therapy: Oral contraceptives to regulate menstrual cycles and reduce androgen levels.
• Insulin Sensitizers: Metformin to improve insulin sensitivity and regulate ovulation.
• Fertility Treatments: Ovulation induction agents like letrozole or clomiphene citrate for women trying to conceive.

Psychological Support

Counseling or therapy can help manage anxiety, depression, and the emotional impact of infertility.

Conclusion

PCOS and PCOD are not different conditions—PCOD is simply an outdated term. Modern understanding recognizes PCOS as a systemic syndrome requiring a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. If you suspect you have PCOS, consult a specialist here at Aveya IVF & fertility clinics for a thorough evaluation and personalized management plan. Early diagnosis and intervention can significantly improve your quality of life and reduce the risk of long-term complications.